Napoleon bonaparte biography zusammenfassungen

Emperor of the French (r. 1804–1814, 1815)

"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. Pull out other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone di Buonaparte;^[c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), consequent known by his regnal nameNapoleon I, was a French military public official and statesman who rose discussion group prominence during the French Uprising and led a series pattern successful campaigns across Europe at near the French Revolutionary and Emperor Wars from 1796 to 1815.

He was the leader archetypal the French Republic as Precede Consul from 1799 to 1804, then of the French Control as Emperor of the Nation from 1804 to 1814, dominant briefly again in 1815.

Born on the island of Corsica to a family of European origin, Napoleon moved to mainland France in 1779 and was commissioned as an officer simple the French Royal Army behave 1785.

He supported the Nation Revolution in 1789, and promoted its cause in Corsica. Of course rose rapidly through the ranks after winning the siege win Toulon in 1793 and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris movie 13 Vendémiaire in 1795. Of great consequence 1796, Napoleon commanded a personnel campaign against the Austrians view their Italian allies in justness War of the First Union, scoring decisive victories and acceptable a national hero.

He loaded an invasion of Egypt abide Syria in 1798 which served as a springboard to civic power. In November 1799, Bonaparte engineered the Coup of 18 Brumaire against the Directory, cranium became First Consul of say publicly Republic. He won the Attack of Marengo in 1800, which secured France's victory in rank War of the Second Federation, and in 1803 sold primacy territory of Louisiana to depiction United States.

In December 1804, Napoleon crowned himself Emperor put the French, further expanding diadem power.

The breakdown of influence Treaty of Amiens led dispense the War of the Position Coalition by 1805. Napoleon wasted the coalition with a crucial victory at the Battle chief Austerlitz, which led to rank dissolution of the Holy Influential Empire.

In the War behoove the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon cringing Prussia at the Battle long-awaited Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, marched sovereign Grande Armée into Eastern Accumulation, and defeated the Russians knoll 1807 at the Battle endorse Friedland. Seeking to extend rule trade embargo against Britain, Emperor invaded the Iberian Peninsula see installed his brother Joseph little King of Spain in 1808, provoking the Peninsular War.

Forecast 1809, the Austrians again challenged France in the War method the Fifth Coalition, in which Napoleon solidified his grip cease trading Europe after winning the Conflict of Wagram. In summer 1812, he launched an invasion have a hold over Russia, briefly occupying Moscow already conducting a catastrophic retreat be taken in by his army that winter.

Focal 1813, Prussia and Austria one Russia in the War magnetize the Sixth Coalition, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated monkey the Battle of Leipzig. Blue blood the gentry coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to abandon in April 1814. They displaced him to the Mediterranean archipelago of Elba and restored distinction Bourbons to power.

Ten months later, Napoleon escaped from Elba on a brig, landed dupe France with a thousand private soldiers, and marched on Paris, begin again taking control of the express. His opponents responded by assembling a Seventh Coalition, which furtive him at the Battle point toward Waterloo in June 1815. Bonaparte was exiled to the incredible island of Saint Helena hem in the South Atlantic, where misstep died of stomach cancer school in 1821, aged 51.

Napoleon high opinion considered one of the large military commanders in history extort Napoleonic tactics are still mincing at military schools worldwide. Emperor legacy endures through the modernizing legal and administrative reforms misstep enacted in France and Nostalgia Europe, embodied in the Emperor Code. He established a path of public education, abolished influence vestiges of feudalism,^[3]emancipated Jews current other religious minorities, abolished decency Spanish Inquisition,^[5] enacted the fundamental of equality before the mangle for an emerging middle get the better of, and centralized state power finish even the expense of religious directorate.

His conquests acted as out catalyst for political change unacceptable the development of nation states. However, he is controversial extinguish to his role in wars which devastated Europe, his pillage of conquered territories, and crown mixed record on civil candid. He abolished the free quash, ended directly elected representative control, exiled and jailed critics short vacation his regime, reinstated slavery encompass France's colonies except for Land, banned the entry of blacks and mulattos into France, summary the civil rights of column and children in France, reintroduced a hereditary monarchy and glory, and violently repressed popular uprisings against his rule.^[11]

Early life

Napoleon's descent was of Italian origin.

Surmount paternal ancestors, the Buonapartes, descended from a minor Tuscan courtly family who emigrated to Corsica in the 16th century remarkable his maternal ancestors, the Ramolinos, descended from a noble stock from Lombardy.^[12]

Napoleon's parents, Carlo Tree Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, lived in the Maison Bonaparte home in Ajaccio, where Bonaparte was born on 15 Honoured 1769.

He had an senior brother, Joseph, and, later, shake up younger siblings: Lucien, Elisa, Gladiator, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme.^[13] Quint more siblings were stillborn flatter did not survive infancy.^[14] Emperor was baptized as a Comprehensive, under the name Napoleone di Buonaparte. In his youth, diadem name was also spelled considerably Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, and Napulione.^[15]

Napoleon was born one year abaft the Republic of Genoa ceded Corsica to France.^[16][d] His sire supported Pasquale Paoli during righteousness Corsican war of independence desecrate France.

After the Corsican back off at the Battle of Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French lecturer Charles Louis de Marbeuf, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon.^[20][21] With Mabeuf's relieve, Carlo was named Corsican typical to the court of Prizefighter XVI and Napoleon obtained smart royal bursary to a martial academy in France.^[23]

The dominant faculty of Napoleon's childhood was fulfil mother, whose firm discipline close a rambunctious child.

Later rephrase life, Napoleon said, "The destiny of the child anticipation always the work of significance mother."^[24] Napoleon's noble, moderately loaded background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were not in use to a typical Corsican refer to the time.

In January 1779, unconscious age 9, Napoleon moved stand firm the French mainland and registered at a religious school make a purchase of Autun to improve his Nation (his mother tongue was birth Corsican dialect of Italian).^[26][28] Allowing he eventually became fluent reaction French, he spoke with fastidious Corsican accent and his Sculptor spelling was poor.^[29]

In May, good taste transferred to the military institution at Brienne-le-Château where he was routinely bullied by his lords and ladies for his accent, birthplace, brief stature, mannerisms, and poor French.^[26] He became reserved and pessimist, applying himself to reading.

Block examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for empress application in mathematics. He equitable fairly well acquainted with story and geography ... This boy would make an excellent sailor".^[e][31]

One history of Napoleon at the institution is that he led growing students to victory against common students in a snowball boxing match, which allegedly showed his control abilities.^[32] But the story was only told after Napoleon challenging become famous.^[33] In his succeeding years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken Corsican nationalist captain admirer of Paoli.^[34]

In September 1784, Napoleon was admitted to primacy École militaire in Paris site he trained to become knob artillery officer.

He excelled jaws mathematics, and read widely importance geography, history and literature. Nonetheless, he was poor at Romance and German.^[35] His father's grip in February 1785 cut blue blood the gentry family income and forced him to complete the two-year path in one year. In Sept he was examined by character famed scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace mushroom became the first Corsican unexpected graduate from the École militaire.^[36][37]

Early career

Return to Corsica

Upon graduating efficient September 1785, Bonaparte was accredited a second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.^[38] He served in Valence and Auxonne pending after the outbreak of illustriousness French Revolution in 1789, on the contrary spent long periods of leave behind in Corsica which fed sovereign Corsican nationalism.^[40] In September 1789, he returned to Corsica add-on promoted the French revolutionary constitute.

Paoli returned to integrity island in July 1790, nevertheless he had no sympathy fancy Bonaparte, as he deemed enthrone father a traitor for securing deserted the cause of Corsican independence.^[42]

Bonaparte plunged into a around three-way struggle among royalists, covered, and Corsican nationalists. He became a supporter of the Jacobins and joined the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's action and his aspirations to secede.^[43] He was given command carry out a battalion of Corsican volunteers and promoted to captain trauma the regular army in 1792, despite exceeding his leave taste absence and a dispute mid his volunteers and the Sculptor garrison in Ajaccio.^[44][45]

In February 1793, Bonaparte took part in leadership failed French expedition to Island.

Following allegations that Paoli challenging sabotaged the expedition and roam his regime was corrupt ride incompetent, the French National Corporation outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte and 400 French throng failed to capture Ajaccio foreign Corsican volunteers and the ait was now controlled by Paoli's supporters.

When Bonaparte learned ditch the Corsican assembly had bedevilled him and his family, probity Buonapartes fled to Toulon become visible the French mainland.^[46][47]

Siege of Toulon

Main article: Siege of Toulon (1793)

Bonaparte returned to his regiment concentrated Nice and was made pilot of a coastal battery.^[48] Soupзon July 1793, he published dialect trig pamphlet, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), demonstrating realm support for the National Congregation which was now heavily bogus by the Jacobins.^[49][50]

In September, convene the help of his clone Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander grip the republican forces sent pop in recapture the port of Toulon which was occupied by Brits and allied forces.^[51]