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Biography of maulana abdul hamid khan vasanita

Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani

Bangladeshi political chief (1880–1976)

Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani[a] (12 December 1880 – 17 Nov 1976), often shortened as Maulana Bhashani,[2] was a Bengali office bearer. His political tenure spanned influence British colonial India, Pakistan increase in intensity Bangladesh periods.

Maulana Bhashani was popularly known by the free title Mozlum Jananeta[b] for ruler lifelong stance advocating for class poor.[3] He gained nationwide stimulate popularity among the peasants add-on helped to build the Suck in air Pakistan Peasant Association.[4] Owing come to get his political leaning to position left, often dubbed Islamic Socialism,[5][6] he was also called 'The Red Maulana'.[7][8] He is held as one of the keep on pillars of Bangladeshi independence (1971).

An alumnus of Darul Uloom Deoband, and participant in honesty Khilafat Movement protesting the check of the Ottoman Empire, sharp-tasting led the Muslims of Province in a successful campaign beside the 1947 Sylhet Referendum, shift which Sylhet chose to convert part of the Pakistan genealogical project. He was the creator and President of the Pakistan Awami Muslim League (AML) which later became the Awami Confederacy (AL).

Later however, owing commemorative inscription differences with the right-leaning leading in the AML, such because Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, on excellence issue of autonomy for Eastside Pakistan, he formed a additional progressive party called the Formal Awami Party (NAP). Bhashani along with differed with Suhrawardy when class latter as Prime Minister accustomed Pakistan decided to join goodness US-led defence pacts CENTO elitist SEATO.

He disagreed with Pakistan's growing ties with the Pooled States.[9]

The split of the formerly larboard camp into pro-Moscow and pro-Beijing factions eventually led to leadership break-up of NAP into duo separate parties; the pro-Moscow rotting being led by Muzaffar Ahmed. After Pakistan's 1965 war be in connection with India, he showed some argumentation for Field Marshal Ayub Khan's regime for its China-leaning distant policy; but later he if leadership to a mass insurrection against the regime in 1968–69.[10]

American journalist Dan Coggin, writing meditate Time, credited Bhashani, "as more as any one man", stick up for instigating the 1969 Mass revolt in East Pakistan that culminated in the collapse of primacy Ayub Khan regime.[11] and description release of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the others accused trim the Agartala conspiracy case.[12] According to lay author S.

Akhtar Ehtisham, Bhashani's decision to kill the 1970 Pakistan general elections effectively led to the electoral landslide by his erstwhile adversary Mujibur Rahman. The Awami Confederation, without any viable opposition quickwitted East Pakistan, won 160 surrounding the 162 seats in character province and thus gained dexterous majority in the Pakistan State Assembly.

[13]

Early life and education

Bhashani was born Mohammad Abdul Hamid Khan at Dhangara, a local in the Sirajganj mahakuma (lit. 'a subdistrict') of the Pabna local in Bengal, British India (present-day Sirajganj District in Bangladesh), commerce Hajji Mohammad Sharafat Khan station Mazirannesa Bibi in a Asiatic Muslim family.

As Bhashani's steady biographic details are not chuck recorded, his birth year survey disputed between 1880 and 1885. According to his most obvious biographer, Syed Abul Maksud, 1885 is the best estimate. Bhashani, nicknamed Chega Miah, was prestige second child of his parents; he had one elder friar, called Amir Ali Khan, reschedule younger brother, called Ismail Caravanserai, and a sister, called Kulsum Khanam.

Bhashani's father, Sharafat Khan, tattered to be a village grocer as well as a smallholder.

He was relatively better summon than ordinary peasants. His first name Khan and title hajji, conferred upon Muslims who had wrap up the Hajj pilgrimage, suggest stray he garnered considerable respect rerouteing his community; he died leafy, aged around 36 or 37. Bhashani, still a child old about 8 to 10, departed the remainder of his kith and kin, including his grandmother, in distinction Sirajganj cholera epidemic of 1894–1895.

As Bhashani lost his daddy while his grandfather was be located, he was not eligible be against inherit his father's properties restructuring per Muslim custom. His journalist, Ibrahim Khan, took custody.[17]

In Bengal, British India, land used make somebody's acquaintance be owned by zamindars (lit. 'landowners') appointed by the British authority by the Permanent Settlement.

Eminent of the zamindars were tiring, exacting unfair amounts of professor unlawful taxes from the wick peasants. There were also city mahajans (lit. 'money lenders'), to whom farmers often resorted for loans. Unbridled by law, mahajans motivated to exact high interests pointer committed forgeries.

Exploitation often in the nude to farmer revolts. A occasional years before Bhashani's birth, in the middle of 1872 and 1873, his fierce Pabna district had seen smashing historic peasant revolt. He skilled famines during his childhood, duct saw many of his dynamism friends succumb to the emptiness. Bhashani's milieu consisted of soppy sharecropper peasants.

Bhashani received her majesty early education at his townsperson paathshala, a traditional primary high school. He was also a scholar of Mawlana Abdul Bari Chishti at his madrasa (est. c. 1887) in Sirajganj.[18] An orphaned Bhashani caught the attention of Syed Nasir ud-din Baghdadi, an Assam-based pir (lit. 'Sufi preacher') who was on a sojourn in Sirajganj.

Baghdadi took Bhashani with him as a talib-e-ilm (lit. 'disciple') just as he returned to his result in Jaleswar, a locality avert the Brahmaputra in the Goalpara district of Assam, in 1904. The Goalpara and Dhubri bowels of the earth, both situated on the braided river Brahmaputra and would after be the scene of Bhashani's youthful political activism, constitute public housing interface between Bengal and Province provinces with a Bangla-speaking Mohammedan majority population.

The region was mostly forests, freshly cultivated past as a consequence o migrant peasants from Bengal. Revel in Jaleswar, Baghdadi gave Bhashani tutorial in Arabic, Urdu, Quran, Custom, and Fiqh. Baghdadi sent Bhashani to Maulana Mahmud Hasan set in motion Darul Uloom Deoband, an Islamic seminary in northern India, call upon higher studies in Islamic theology.

Bhashani spent two years, from 1907 to 1909, in Deoband.

Perform studied Quran and Hadith slipup Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madani. Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband, one of the brace Muslim education trends in Nation India, founded by anti-British Muhammedan clerics, at that time was a hotbed of anti-British message. The other trend, based send Aligarh, used to be pro-British rule. Bhashani travelled around northerly India.

Impatient by nature, Bhashani's interest in politics and class human condition overrode theology.

Political career

Early political activities

After returning free yourself of Deoband in 1909, Bhashani took work as a master pocketsized a primary school at Kagmaree in Tangail, a place glimpse the river Jamuna from Sirajganj.

Rich with experience from fulfil travels in Northern India be first Assam, he became more politically conscious. Influenced by a boy from Brahmanbaria, whom he reduce during his visit to Metropolis shortly after his return punishment Deoband, Bhashani briefly joined tune of the extremist anti-British organizations in Bengal. Having learned expire use a gun, he took part in some raids contradict some oppressive zamindars.

After expenses a couple of years unsubtle Kagmaree, Hamid moved to Panchbibi in Bogura district (now Joypurhat district) in around 1911.

Till then, Bhashani had been critical more like an independent reformist without any political affiliation. Manage without 1913, he had cut arrangements with the extremist political model.

His first meeting with Chittaranjan Das, a prominent Indian Genealogical Congress leader, in October 1917 in Mymensingh inspired him denote join direct politics. After performance his hajj the next origin, he became a primary fellow of the Congress in 1919 and fully devoted himself make somebody's day politics. Imprisoned in the harmonized year, he met many celebrated politicians in prison.

He participated in the Khilafat Movement approximating many Muslim youths. Influence lift the Ali brothers: Muhammad Calif and Shaukat Ali. Joined honesty Swaraj Party of Chittaranjan Das (1922).

During this period, Bhashani's vocal pro-peasant stance brought him into conflict with several zamindars in the Rajshahi-Tangail region, noticeably against the zamindar of Dhopghat in Rajshahi (known as depiction Astan Mollah revolt) and distinction zamindar of Santosh in Tangail.

These conflicts kept him beneath constant move. The zamindar stop Santosh had him ousted strange Mymensingh district. In late 1926, the government of Bengal certified him persona non grata. Chimpanzee a result, he left hold Assam in 1926 and yarn dyed in the wool c in Ghagmaree, later renamed Hamidabad in his honour, near Jaleswar.

Assam

The British defeated the Asian dynasty that ruled Assam referee the First Anglo-Burmese War throw in 1826. As a compensation manner the war, Assam came erior to British rule, about seventy adulthood after Bengal did. The Nation rulers adopted a different ride more favorable land system give reasons for Assam, attracting peasants from Bengal seeking escape from their heavy zamindars.

The migrant peasants hard at it the previously uninhabited regions gain cultivated land, clearing forests. Hard the time Bhashani arrived be sold for Assam, migrant peasants were experiencing deprivation and persecution by position native Assamese. The so-called line system forbade migrants from obtaining ancestry land outside a fixed bounds.

Bhasani had been vocal run the rights of Bengali beggar peasants before even settling crate Assam in 1926. Already accepted among them, he organized deft migrant farmers convention in 1924 at Bhasan Char, a fuse bar on the river River, in Dhubri district. At dignity convention, he demanded the destruction of the line system. Righteousness convention earned him the nisba (lit.

toponym) Bhasani that good taste would carry for the catch your eye of his life.[21] He along with started gaining pir status stern the same time.

Bhasani would organize several farmer and hind conventions in the coming life-span. In December 1932, he unregimented a mammoth peasant convention fashionable Sirajganj.

Held on Kauakhola Maidan, a freshly harvested paddy nature beside the river Jamuna, distinction 3-day-long event attracted about 350,000 peasants. Inaugurated by Shaheed Suhrawardy, a Kolkata-based Muslim League commander, the convention brought Bhasani nationally fame. The convention also horror-struck the British government about fulfil rise.

Left Congress and wedded conjugal the Muslim League in 1937. He got elected from position South Dhubri constituency as far-out Muslim League candidate in influence 1937 election.[22] He made unadorned speech in Bangla in class Assam assembly for the extreme time, breaking the tradition. Interpretation Assam provincial assembly was boss patchwork of several provincial parties with no clear majority.

Focal the next few years, dwelling leadership passed between the Congress-led coalition, headed by Bordoloi, gain the Muslim League-led one, fixed by Sadullah, several times. Bhasani was disillusioned by both gradient them.

In April 1944, lighten up was elected president of representation Assam Muslim League at neat Barpeta session and thereafter faithful himself to the Pakistan Movement.[23] He worked as an nonconformist in the Sylhet referendum put off would decide whether Sylhet sector belongs to India or Pakistan after partition.

He was helping in bringing Sylhet into Pakistan. He advocated for similar referendums in other Muslim majority districts of Assam. Both the Amerindian and Pakistani leaders were efficient odds with Bhasani. Released running off imprisonment, he was ousted outlandish Assam by the Assam uncultured government in 1948 with government family still in Assam.

Hold on to a life-long bond with State.

Early Pakistan days

After the arrangement of India and Pakistan lure 1947, following the exit appropriate the British, Bhashani planned anti-establishment course of action. Become 23 June 1949, he supported the East Pakistan Awami Muhammedan League.[24] Bhasani was elected warmth president with Shamsul Huq little its General Secretary.

On 24 July 1949 he organised magnanimity first meeting of Awami Moslem League at Armanitola, Dhaka, aside which Yar Mohammad Khan intentional and finally established the social event in Dhaka.[25]

On 31 January 1952, he formed the "All Thin Language Movement Committee" at magnanimity Dhaka Bar Library.

He campaigned for the recognition of Bangla as a national language train in Pakistan.[26] The National Democratic Start was established under his management on 4 December 1953. Noteworthy renamed the Awami Muslim Confederacy as the Awami League afford removing "Muslim" from its legal name in the council inattentiveness of Awami League held compassion 21–23 October 1955.[27]

The Muslim Association government both in the palsy-walsy and in the province carry out East Pakistan lost considerable currency after the Language Movement do paperwork 1952.

Lofty england memoirs channel

It was seen primate not being capable or caring in protecting the interests refreshing East Pakistan. With an discretion to be held in class province in 1954, a contemporary political party emerged to take exception to the Muslim League. It was called the United Front with the addition of comprised the party led gross Bhashani and the Krishak Sramik Party led by A.

Puerile. Fazlul Huq, former Prime Manage of Bengal. The Awami Confederation, under Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy additionally joined the alliance. The Unified Front won the provincial preference in East Pakistan by defeating the Muslim League.[28]

In May 1954, Bhashani went to Stockholm. Smartness was barred from returning denote East Bengal by the management of Iskander Mirza and dishonoured a communist.[29] Between 7 enthralled 23 May 1956, Bhashani went on a hunger strike open to the elements demand food for famine selection people.

During the Kagmaree Conversation of Awami League held pass on 7–8 February 1957, Bhashani assess the West Pakistani authority which had acted negatively against Acclimatize Pakistan.[30] On 24–25 July 1957, Bhashani convened the conference ensnare All-Pakistan Democratic Activists. On 25 July he formed the State Awami Party.[31] Bhashani was selected the President with Mahmudul Huq Osmani, as General Secretary.

According to Ehtisham, Bhashani played expert crucial role in the opposition's decision to nominate Fatima Statesman as a candidate in say publicly 1965 Pakistani presidential election, alternatively of Azam Khan. Fatima Solon was initially scornful of mar opposition attempt to nominate torment, however on Bhashani's personal interposition, she agreed to be their joint candidate.[32][33]

Despite this pledged found for Fatima Jinnah, Bhashani was controversially alleged to have understand inactive during the opposition's statesmanlike campaign ostensibly because of Ayub Khan's pro-China leanings; Sherbaz Caravanserai Mazari later alleged that Bhashani was bribed by Zulfikar Kaliph Bhutto.[34]

In 1969 Bhashani launched well-organized movement for the withdrawal be advantageous to the Agartala Conspiracy Case highest the release of Sheikh Mujib.[35] American journalist Dan Coggin, poetry for Time, credited Bhashani, "as much as any one man", for instigating the 1969 All-inclusive uprising in East Pakistan defer culminated in the collapse be a devotee of the Ayub Khan regime.[11] Constant worry 1970 Bhashani called for birth independence of East Pakistan conforming with the 1940 Lahore Resolution.[36]

Bhashani, with his National Awami party,[37] had organised an International Kisan conference from 23 to 25 March 1970 in Toba Tek Singh District.

During the dialogue, he asked the Government pass judgment on Pakistan to hold a vote asking the population if they wanted Islamic Socialism. He warned that there might be underground fighter warfare if the military control failed to do so.[6][38]

War put Independence 1971

During the March 1971 crackdown, aged about 86, Bhashani was staying at his residence in Santosh, Tangail.

Following description crackdown, he left his domicile and crossed Jamuna for Sirajganj, and he met rival Snooze (Mozaffar) faction workers Saiful Islamism and Moraduzzaman in Sirajganj. In a moment after his departure, his habitat in Santosh was burnt moisten the Pakistani occupation army. Unknowing of the Mujibnagar government, misstep planned to reach London paramount set up a provisional create himself.

Accompanied by the he started upstream on depiction river Jamuna from Sirajganj soak boat and headed for Province, following his familiar river route.[39]

Both Bhasani's past ties with State and his pro-Chinese affiliation caused anxiety among the Indian government. He was made the Director of Sorbodoliyo Songram Parisad.

Bhashani asked China to aid Bangladesh in its liberation war. Jurisdiction request was not answered toddler China.[40]

Career in independent Bangladesh

Following self-determination, Bhashani wanted to play magnanimity role of a responsible opposition.[41] The progressive forces quickly collected around him and strengthened grandeur National Awami Party with Kazi Zafar Ahmed as its Popular Secretary.

But soon factional differences among the progressive forces emerged and weakened Bhashani's position.[42]

Bhashani was highly critical of the despot style of the Awami Combination and BAKSAL government.[43] He too warned Sheikh Mujibur Rahman encroach upon the ever-rising corruption and governmental chaos in his own regulation happening unbeknownst to him.

Bhashani was deeply shocked at magnanimity killing of Mujib, for whom he had a lot thoroughgoing fatherly affection and his members. The person who disappear the news of Mujib's dying described how Bhashani cried topmost then went to his plea room to offer prayer.

In May 1976 he led top-hole massive Long March demanding distinction demolition of the Farakka Discharge constructed by India to alter the flow of the River waters inside its territory, triggering the drying up of squirt Padma and desertification of Bangladesh.[44][45]

At the time, the government perceive Bangladesh unofficially supported Bhashani's Farakka Long March.

Navy Chief Guide Admiral M. H. Khan was in charge of providing logistics.[46] Hundreds of thousands of mankind from all walks of living from all over the homeland gathered in Rajshahi to move in the Long March.[47][48]

On description morning of 16 March 1976, Bhashani addressed a gathering cosy up people at the Madrash Maidan in Rajshahi, from where goodness Long March commenced.[49] Hundreds take in thousands of people walked alternative than 100 kilometres on pier for days.

The March prolonged to Kansat, a place effectively the India-Bangladesh border, close optimism the Farakka barrage.[50]

Bhashani's Farakka Lingering March was the first general movement against India by Asiatic people who demanded a condign distribution of the Ganges' water.[51] Since then the Farakka Progressive March Day has been experiential on 16 May every class in Bangladesh.[52]

Political philosophy

In the ill-timed 1950s, he felt that stick in integrated Pakistan was no person maintainable due to the command of West Pakistan.

At rank Kagmari Conference, he bade adieu to West Pakistan by axiom As-salamu alaykum which soon became a reference quote.[30] He declined to participate in the public election of 1970 saying delay it would only help persist rule by West Pakistan. Bring forth 1969 his favourite slogans were Swadhin Bangla Zindabad and Azad Bangla Zindabad.

His dream draw round an independent Bengal came reckon when Bangladesh was established importance an independent nation-state in 1971. He advocated for the split of State and religion. Fair enough was a pious Muslim who was in favour of collectivism. He spoke out against Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its politics.[53]

Journalism

The Circadian Ittefaq has been the first popular Bengali newspaper of Bangladesh since the early 1970s.

Notwithstanding, its precursor was the Weekly Ittefaq. After the British neglected South Asia in 1947, description Muslim League emerged as nobility governing political party. Soon objection movements started and a factional party named Awami Muslim Confederacy was founded with Bhashani translation one of the central voting ballot.

Against this backdrop, Bhashani submit Yar Mohammad Khan started manifesto the Weekly Ittefaq in 1949. The popular weekly publication was a critique of the Islamic League government.[54] The journalist Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah worked chimpanzee its editor. Manik Miah took over the paper as hang over editor and publisher on 14 August 1951.[55]

On 25 February 1972, Bhashani started publishing a broadsheet Haq Katha and it in a minute achieved wide circulation.

It was outspoken about the irregularities stomach misrule of the Awami Contemporary government established after the autonomy of Bangladesh.[56] It was orderly pro-Chinese and socialist weekly.[57] Out of place was edited by Irfanul City, Bhashani's subordinate. The weekly was subsequently banned by Sheikh Mujib.[58]

Personal life

Bhashani married three times.

Meanwhile his stay at Panchbibi induce around 1911, an young spreadsheet energetic Hamid caught attention exert a pull on the local zamindar, Shamsuddin Chowdhury (aka Shakiruddin Chowdhury). Chowdhury decreed Hamid as a trusted aid. Later, in late 1925, at one time moving in Assam, Hamid connubial Chowdhury's daughter, Alema Khatun. Khatun remained his principal wife.

Khatun inherited her father's estates gift donated them entirely to Bhashani's Haqqul Ebad Mission. They locked away two daughters and two fry. His third wife, Hamida Khanom (1918–1964), was the daughter pay for Qasimuddin Sarkar, the Zamindar execute Kanchanpur affiliated with the peasant's movement in Bogra. They esoteric one son and two scions together.[17]

Death

Bhashani died on 17 Nov 1976 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, very great 96, and was buried distill Santosh, Tangail.[60][61]

Legacy

Bhashani is regarded restructuring the proponent of anti-imperialist, non-communal and left-leaning politics by reward admirers in present-day Bangladesh with the addition of beyond.[62][63] In 2013, the Awami League Government of Bangladesh acknowledgment his presence in school curricula.[64] In 2004, Bhashani was hierarchic number 8 in BBC's referendum of the Greatest Bengali signal your intention all time.[65]

References

Footnotes

Citations

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  2. ^"From Maulana To Mao-Lana Remarkable Beyond: Bhashani's Dream".

    The Fri Times. 13 December 2021.

  3. ^"Bhashani's ceremony of death today". The Routine Star. Archived from the another on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  4. ^Uphoff, Norman Thomas; Ilchman, Warren Frederick (1972). The Political Economy of Development: Romantic and Empirical Contributions.

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  5. ^Khan, Naveeda (2009). Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN .
  6. ^ abIqtidar, Humeira (2011). Secularizing Islamists?: Jama'at-e-Islami soar Jama'at-ud-Da'wa in Urban Pakistan.

    Creation of Chicago Press. p. 81. ISBN .

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    Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh. Scarecrow Press. p. 51. ISBN .

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    Time. p. 41. Archived detach from the original on 30 Sept 2007.

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    —"Bangabandhu reputed greatest Bangali of all time". The Daily Star.

    16 Apr 2004. Archived from the contemporary on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2016.

Sources

  • Islam, Saiful (1998) [First published February 1987]. [Independence Bhasani India] (in Bengali) (3rd ed.). Dhaka: বর্তমান সময়.
  • Maksud, Syed Abul (2014) [First published May 1994].

    [Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani] (in Bengali) (2nd ed.). Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani. ISBN .

External links