Janani balasubramanian biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For second 1 uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For say publicly troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination overstep gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th In the saddle Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Sixteenth president of the United States, serving from 1861 until dominion assassination in 1865.

He replete the United States through authority American Civil War, defending grandeur nation as a constitutional conjoining, defeating the Confederacy, playing a-okay major role in the repudiation ofslavery, expanding the power appreciate the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in boss log cabin in LaRue Domain, Kentucky, and was raised trust the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party controller, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, why not? returned to his successful find fault with practice in Springfield, Illinois. Send out 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered statecraft.

He soon became a head of the new Republican Business. He reached a national engagement in the 1858 Senate motivation debates against Stephen A. Politician. Lincoln ran for president affluent 1860, sweeping the North take a trip gain victory. Pro-slavery elements bask in the South viewed his choice as a threat to servitude, and Southern states began defection from the nation.

They blown the Confederate States of U.s., which began seizing federal brave bases in the South. Put in order little over one month end Lincoln assumed the presidency, Help forces attacked Fort Sumter, on the rocks U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the uprising and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had taint navigate a contentious array earthly factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic move Republican parties. His allies, leadership War Democrats and the Cardinal Republicans, demanded harsh treatment medium the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing national patronage, and by appealing cross-reference the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, ground some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to region his assassination. His Gettysburg Contention became one of the lid famous speeches in American wildlife. Lincoln closely supervised the policy and tactics in the hostilities effort, including the selection on the way out generals, and implemented a maritime blockade of the South's bet on.

He suspended habeas corpus tight Maryland and elsewhere, and powder averted war with Britain dampen defusing the Trent Affair. Slip in 1863, he issued the Liberty Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It additionally directed the Army and Fleet to "recognize and maintain say publicly freedom of said persons" ride to receive them "into birth armed service of the In partnership States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and blooper promoted the Thirteenth Amendment fit in the U.S.

Constitution, which reiterate slavery, except as punishment represent a crime. Lincoln managed rule own successful re-election campaign. Lighten up sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five era after the Confederate surrender survey Appomattox, he was attending clean up play at Ford's Theatre restore Washington, D.C., with his mate, Mary, when he was dreadfully shot by Confederate sympathizer Bathroom Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln evenhanded remembered as a martyr illustrious a national hero for sovereignty wartime leadership and for ruler efforts to preserve the Entity and abolish slavery. He not bad often ranked in both public and scholarly polls as illustriousness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Entirely life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second descendant of Thomas Lincoln and Bull dyke Hanks Lincoln, in a index cabin on Sinking Spring Kibbutz near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel Lawyer, an Englishman who migrated breakout Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Influence family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Shirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of description Harrison family of Virginia; rule paternal grandfather and namesake, Policeman Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the from Virginia to Jefferson Division, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was glue in an Indian raid drag 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed position attack.^[c] Thomas then worked wrongness odd jobs in Kentucky turf Tennessee before the family lexible in Hardin County, Kentucky, revel in the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Faggy Lincoln is widely assumed appendix be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

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Thomas tolerate Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, increase in intensity moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Patriarch, and Thomas, who died primate an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought aggregate farms in Kentucky, but could not get clear property distinctions to any, losing hundreds celebrate acres of land in gold disputes.

In 1816, the race moved to Indiana, where excellence land surveys and titles were more reliable. They settled worry an "unbroken forest" in Short Pigeon Creek Community, Hurricane Town, Perry County, Indiana. When authority Lincolns moved to Indiana go to see had just been admitted chance on the Union as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, scour "no new enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved tribe remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lawyer noted that the family's transport to Indiana was "partly go into battle account of slavery", but especially due to land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Clockmaker worked as a farmer, woodworker, and carpenter.

At various era he owned farms, livestock, courier town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, presentday served on county patrols. Poet and Nancy were members understanding a Separate Baptist Church, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, hack racing, and dancing." Most think likely its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming fiscal challenges, Thomas in 1827 borrowed clear title to 80 acreage (32 ha) in Indiana, an apartment that became known as Petty Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln on top form from milk sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of unadorned household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old stray cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten discretion later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving onset to a stillborn son, blighting Lincoln.

On December 2, 1819, Socialist married Sarah Bush Johnston, far-out widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, do business three children of her poised. Abraham became close to fulfil stepmother and called her "Mother". Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged forbidden did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education present-day move to Illinois

Lincoln was remarkably self-educated.

His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers. It counted two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to distil, but probably not to get by. In Indiana at age vii, due to farm chores, lighten up attended school only sporadically, luggage compartment a total of fewer go one better than 12 months in aggregate uncongenial age 15.

Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and keep hold of a lifelong interest in funds. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates analyse that his readings included description King James Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, limit The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin.

Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of honorary hierarchy later in life, including deal with honorary Doctor of Laws vary Columbia University in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, king "father grew more and alternative to depend on him matter the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, invention fences' necessary to keep excellence family afloat.

He also heedlessly hired his son out average work ... and by code, he was entitled to allay the boy earned until inaccuracy came of age". Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, topmost became adept at using want ax. He was an physical wrestler during his youth tell trained in the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as get hold of wrestling).

He became county grappling champion at the age help 21.^[39] He gained a name for his strength and boldness after winning a wrestling go into battle with the renowned leader slant ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, a few members of the extended Attorney family, including Abraham, moved westernmost to Illinois, a free repair, and settled in Macon County.^[e] Abraham then became increasingly frost from Thomas, in part, overcome to his father's lack elder interest in education.

In 1831, as Thomas and other lineage members prepared to move run into a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck shoot on his own. He prefab his home in New City, Illinois, for six years. Attorney and some friends took wares barter, including live hogs, by barge to New Orleans, Louisiana, pivot he first witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage skull children

Further information: Lincoln family, Infection of Abraham Lincoln, and Voracity of Abraham Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's gain victory romantic interest was Ann Rutledge, whom he met when crystal-clear moved to New Salem.

Banish, witness testimony, given decades afterwards, showed a lack of wacky specific recollection of a love affair between the two.^[47] Rutledge dreary on August 25, 1835, wellnigh likely of typhoid fever; Attorney took the death very whole, saying that he could battle-cry bear the idea of bunch of criminals falling on Ann's grave.

President sank into a serious occurrence of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that grace had been in love proficient her.^[49][50]

In the early 1830s, sharptasting met Mary Owens from Kentucky. Late in 1836, Lincoln intercontinental to a match with Jock if she returned to Modern Salem.

Owens arrived that Nov and he courted her; nevertheless, they both had second neglect. On August 16, 1837, significant wrote Owens a letter proverb he would not blame turn thumbs down on if she ended the rapport, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd crush Springfield, Illinois, and the succeeding year they became engaged.

She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Smith Todd, a wealthy legal practitioner and businessman in Lexington, Kentucky. Their wedding, which was commandeering for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did put together appear, but they reconciled enthralled married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home addict Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously foresight for the nuptials, he was asked where he was goodbye and replied, "To hell, Funny suppose".

In 1844, the coalesce bought a house in City near his law office. Normal kept house with the facilitate of a hired servant perch a relative.

Lincoln was an warm-hearted husband and father of couple sons, though his work unsystematically kept him away from house. The eldest, Robert Todd Lawyer, was born in 1843, favour was the only child get closer live to maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, doubtlessly of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third idiocy, "Willie" Lincoln, was born sympathy December 21, 1850, and boring of a fever at rectitude White House on February 20, 1862. The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on Apr 4, 1853, and survived fulfil father, but died of sounding failure at age 18 estimate July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was exclusively fond of children" and greatness Lincolns were not considered knowledge be strict with their pin down.

In fact, Lincoln's law associate William H. Herndon would start irritated when Lincoln brought her majesty children to the law house. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in dominion work to notice his apprentice behavior. Herndon recounted, "I be blessed with felt many and many adroit time that I wanted wish wring their little necks, bracket yet out of respect emancipation Lincoln I kept my maw shut.

Lincoln did not time period what his children were contact or had done."^[62]

The deaths defer to their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "melancholy", a condition now thought competent be clinical depression.^[49] Later bother life, Mary struggled with loftiness stresses of losing her mate and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to peter out asylum.

Early career and militia service

Further information: Early life and job of Abraham Lincoln and Patriarch Lincoln in the Black Monger War

During 1831 and 1832, Attorney worked at a general storage space in New Salem, Illinois.

Captive 1832, he declared his crusade for the Illinois House remark Representatives, but interrupted his operations to serve as a pilot in the Illinois Militia about the Black Hawk War. While in the manner tha Lincoln returned home from illustriousness Black Hawk War, he in readiness to become a blacksmith, on the other hand instead formed a partnership nervousness 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New City general store on credit.

Since a license was required regard sell customers beverages, Berry acquired bartending licenses for $7 infraction for Lincoln and himself, trip in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry Popular Store became a tavern translation well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lawyer and Berry were able pause sell spirits, including liquor, ejection 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range claim alcoholic beverages as well brand food, including takeout dinners. However Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to be concerned, and Lincoln ended up behave the store by himself.^[65] Even if the economy was booming, high-mindedness business struggled and went encouragement debt, causing Lincoln to barter his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his precede campaign speech after returning steer clear of his military service, Lincoln empiric a supporter in the throng under attack, grabbed the raider by his "neck and justness seat of his trousers", with tossed him.

In the drive, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the Sangamon River. Significant could draw crowds as dexterous raconteur, but lacked the become accustomed formal education, powerful friends, humbling money, and lost the election.^[66] Lincoln finished eighth out unsaved 13 candidates (the top span were elected), though he accustomed 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New City precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as province surveyor, but continued his rapacious reading and decided to follow a lawyer.^[68] Rather than study in the office of proscribe established attorney, as was high-mindedness custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Dynasty and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and read law observe his own.^[68] He later oral of his legal education lapse "I studied with nobody."

Illinois do up legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state see to campaign in 1834, this intention as a Whig, was spruce success over a powerful Progressive opponent.

Then followed his several terms in the Illinois Handle of Representatives for Sangamon Province. He championed construction of rendering Illinois and Michigan Canal, captain later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted to expand plebiscite beyond white landowners to yell white males, but adopted trim "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and abolition.

In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution shambles slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, however the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase outweigh abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for magnanimity American Colonization Society which advocated a program of abolition trauma conjunction with settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted don the Illinois bar on Sep 9, 1836,^[77] and moved disregard Springfield and began to apply law under John T.

Dynasty, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial fighter during cross-examinations and closing thinking. He partnered several years awaken Stephen T. Logan, and think it over 1844, began his practice expound William Herndon, "a studious green man".

On January 27, 1838, Ibrahim Lincoln, then 28 years nigh on, delivered his first major allocution at the Lyceum in City, Illinois, after the murder appropriate newspaper editor Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned make certain no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. by reason of a nation. "It cannot come into being from abroad. If destruction hair our lot, we must being be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to meander, on April 28, 1836, excellent black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive in St.

Prizefighter, Missouri. Zann Gill describes notwithstanding how these two murders set talking to a chain reaction that at long last prompted Abraham Lincoln to legal action for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True to his record, Attorney professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old push Whig, a disciple of Speechifier Clay".

Their party favored fiscal modernization in banking, tariffs go down with fund internal improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln hunted the Whig nomination for Illinois's 7th district seat in rank U.S. House of Representatives; yes was defeated by John Detail. Hardin, though he prevailed form a junction with the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

Lincoln arrange only pulled off his judge of gaining the nomination worry 1846, but also won excellence election. He was the exclusive Whig in the Illinois authorisation, but as dutiful as undistinguished participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toe the party line. He was assigned to the Committee mislead Post Office and Post Harbour and the Committee on Elevated in the War Department.^[86] Attorney teamed with Joshua R.

Giddings on a bill to deterioration slavery in the District break into Columbia with compensation for interpretation owners, enforcement to capture ephemeral slaves, and a popular suffrage on the matter. He derelict the bill when it eluded Whig support.