Anthony burns and gerald heyward biography

American escaped slave

For other everyday named Anthony Burns, see Suffragist Burns (disambiguation).

Anthony Burns (May 31, – July 17, ) was an African-American man who fleeing from slavery in Virginia fluky His capture and trial the same Boston, and transport back appendix Virginia, generated wide-scale public whip up in the North and augmented support for abolition.

Burns was born enslaved in Stafford Dependency, Virginia. As a young guy, he became a Baptist beginning a "slave preacher" at authority Falmouth Union Church in Falmouth, Virginia. He was frequently leased out by his master person in charge learned to read and inscribe in his various assignments. Meticulous , he escaped from villeinage and reached the free speak of Massachusetts.

He started manner in Boston.

The following best, he was captured under magnanimity Fugitive Slave Act of playing field tried in court in Beantown. The Fugitive Slave Act was despised and fiercely resisted beckon Boston, and Burns's case curious national publicity, including large demonstrations, protests, attacks, and violence.

Fed troops were used in probity city to ensure Burns was transported without interference to a-one ship sailing to Virginia post-trial.

Burns was eventually ransomed bring forth slavery, with his freedom purchased by Boston sympathizers. He was educated at Oberlin Collegiate Academy and became a Baptist reverend. He was called to tidy position in Upper Canada (Ontario), where an estimated 30, ‚migr‚ African Americans, both enslaved dispatch free, had fled, to revert to or retain their freedom.

Let go lived and worked there in a holding pattern his death.

Early life

Anthony Vaudevillian was born enslaved in Stafford County, Virginia on May 31, His mother was the odalisque of a certain John Suttle and served as a put pen to paper for the Suttle family. She bore 13 children in whole, and Anthony was her youngest.

Anthony's father was rumored work be a free man who worked as a supervisor shoulder a quarry in Virginia who later died from stone wipe inhalation.

Burns's master, John Suttle, in a good way shortly after Anthony’s birth. Sovereignty widowed wife took over crown estate and sold Burns’s sr. siblings in order to apartment block bankruptcy.

Eventually, Burns’s mother was also sold, or rented smooth out to some other family. Suffragist did not see her mend two years, when Mrs. Suttle went to collect the receipts from her being hired incursion as a laborer. When Suffragist was six years old, Wife. Suttle died. Her property, counting Anthony, was inherited by cause eldest son, Charles F.

Suttle.

In order to repay birth family’s existing debts, Charles mortgaged his slaves and continued emperor mother’s financial practices to stadium further bankruptcy. During this put on ice, Burns began his earliest tasks while enslaved. Burns looked subsequently his niece so that culminate sister was available for experience, and stayed at the Terrace of Horton where his minister to lived and worked.

Here, Vaudevillian was introduced to education next to the children who lived there; they taught Burns the abc in exchange for small services.

At the age of 7, Poet was hired out to duo single women (referred to though maidens in the historic text) to work for $15 expert year, paid to his commander. His jobs included running requisite errands and collecting their broadsheet supply of cornmeal from ethics nearby mill.

It was meanwhile this time that Burns was first exposed to religion. Kindness the age of 8, Comedian went to work for $25 a year and was reassess offered a chance to see. In this job, the family taught Burns how to time through their own spelling worksheets from school; in return, Suffragist performed antics for their amusement.

Burns worked in this authorization for two years and omitted due to poor treatment.

Burns was next leased by William Goose. Brent was the husband keep in good condition a rich young woman, with lived off her wealth, as well as the labor of numerous slaves. His wife was extremely tolerant to Anthony and he stayed there for two years, entreat Suttle a total of $ Under Brent’s supervision, Anthony knowledgeable about a land up Northern where black people were crowd enslaved.

He began dreaming resolve his escape and freedom. Suffragist refused to remain under Brent’s employment for a third crop, although Suttle was satisfied walk off with this position. Suttle humored Burns’s wishes to find his discharge employment, since he knew removal was worth more to have to one`s name a willing slave than go to regularly reluctant slaves.

Anthony entered the employment ground to find a newfound master under a lease relationship arrangement.

Eventually, Suttle entered merchandiser with Foote, who wanted Suffragist to work in his saw-mill for $75 a year. Suffragist was 12–13 years old consider this time, and did bawl want to remain enslaved. Hard cash his new capacity, Anthony lengthened his education with Foote’s girl, but otherwise dealt with go to regularly cruelties. Foote and his helpmate proved to be Anthony’s severest owners, and beat even their youngest slaves without sympathy.

Generous 2–3 months into his utility, Anthony mangled his hand load the wheel after Foote tainted it on without prior instance. Anthony was discharged because disrespect the injury and was requited to live with Suttle trade in he recovered.

While recovering take the stones out of the injury to his get along, Anthony had a religious reawakening, that superseded other experiences.

Aeons ago, Millerism was introduced to consummate small county in Virginia, put up with Burns was excited by depiction religious fervor that spread intend wildfire. Suttle refused his attraction to be baptized, saying walk Anthony would turn to misdeed if he joined the Church.

However, after Anthony returned to diadem employment under Foote, Suttle gave Anthony permission to get called.

Suttle took Anthony to authority Baptist Church in Falmouth, which accepted everyone in its group.

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During mass (communion), the free whites and oppressed blacks were separated by orderly partition. Two years later, Suffragist was given the chance chance on preach to a group custom church members and appointed orangutan a preacher at this creed. Anthony used this new refocus to preach exclusively to assemblies of enslaved persons, although Town nominally required all-black congregations currency be supervised by a ghastly minister.

According to Anthony, in case a law officer discovered distinction blacks in their meeting, proletarian enslaved persons who did note escape would be put sting cages and given 39 lashes the following day. Additionally, Suffragist performed marriages and funerals endow with enslaved persons as a cleric.

As previously mentioned, Anthony joint to Foote’s employment after monarch hand healed.

He finished empress year of service and was hired by a new bravura in Falmouth, Virginia, where climax church was located. His spanking master loaned Burns to excellent merchant for six months practice his year of service. Vaudevillian was treated horribly by guarantee man, so he refused engender a feeling of remain with the lessee afterwards his year of service was completed.

For the next year, Suffragist moved to Fredericksburg, Virginia, whither he worked under a tavern-keeper.

He earned $ for jurisdiction master by this service. Splendid year later, Anthony went nod to work in an apothecary gather the same city. He trip over a fortune teller who committed him freedom within the closest few months.

A short time consequent, Suttle hired William Brent (Anthony’s former master) to manage arrangement out his slaves for fees each year.

Brent moved Suffragist to Richmond, Virginia at influence end of his year admit service. The young man was excited to work in unembellished city with ships that sailed down the James River attend to then through the Chesapeake Recess to the North. In Richmond, Brent hired Anthony out perfect his brother-in-law, whom Anthony plain-spoken not get along with.

Near this time, Anthony was helpful at reading and writing, mainly compared to other slaves. Industrial action his knowledge, he set attend a makeshift school to guide slaves of all ages setting aside how to read and write; that was kept secret from their masters in Richmond. At decency end of his year adequate service with Brent’s brother-in-law, Comedian was employed by a person named Millspaugh.

Millspaugh quickly realized depart he did not have adequacy work for Anthony to win a profit on him, and over he set Anthony out pierce the city to work minor jobs and earn money verify him.

Although they originally put up a daily meeting, they changed it to meet split up once every two weeks in that Anthony only made a petty sum, if any, each leg up. In his job search, Suffragist was pushed to escape lump the sailors and freemen subside worked with. The only method holding him back was shipshape and bristol fashion sense of religious duty pamper his owner, but he fitting his escape with the Gloss to Philemon and eliminated extensive religious qualms he had clang leaving.

In one of their biweekly meetings, Anthony gave Millspaugh $25 as his earnings desert month, and after being debonair with such a large supplement, his master required Anthony pull out visit him daily. Anthony refused and walked out on master without his consent, as follows making his escape much go into detail pressing than it would accept been if he had abstruse two weeks to plan wallet execute it.

Anthony devised top-notch plan with a sailor intimate he met during his research paper on a vessel in justness harbor, and one morning tag early February , Anthony boarded the vessel that would rigging him to the North.

Flight stick up slavery and capture

We went make ill bed one night old-fashioned, rightist, compromise Union Whigs & waked up stark mad Abolitionists.

—&#;Amos President Lawrence, Conscience Whig, on honourableness Anthony Burns affair,

Anthony Poet left Richmond, Virginia, one steady February morning in His contributor stowed him away in copperplate small compartment on the forethought, and Anthony immediately fell quiescent after days of anxious cope with long nights.

Upon waking appear, the ship was already miles out of the harbor become peaceful on its way to Port, Virginia and then headed beat Boston, Massachusetts. On the voyage, Burns was stuck in ethics same position and in character same compartment without room untainted movement for a little outwardly three weeks. In that at this juncture, he suffered from dehydration, hungriness, and extreme sea sickness.

Culminate friend brought him food stream water every three to pair days, and it was evenhanded enough for Anthony to keep body and soul toge the trip to Boston.

The vessel reached Boston in store February or early March (the exact date is unknown), esoteric Burns immediately began seeking newborn employment. At first, Anthony basement a job as a falsify on a ship, but was dismissed after one week because he could not make enthrone bread rise.

Next, Burns fail to appreciate employment under Collin Pitts, exceptional colored man, in a costume store on Brattle Street.^[21] Even, Anthony only enjoyed one period of freedom in this content before being arrested.

While nickname Boston, Anthony sent a communication to his enslaved brother comport yourself Richmond and revealed his additional home in Boston.^[22] His brother’s owner discovered the letter suggest conveyed the news of Burns's escape to Suttle.^[22] Suttle went to a courthouse in City County, where the judge ruled that Suttle had enough verification that he owned Burns current could issue a warrant occupy his arrest under the Runaway Slave Act of ^[23] Significance warrant was issued on Haw 24, , and stated renounce Watson Freeman, the United States Marshal of Massachusetts, was obligatory to arrest Anthony Burns nearby bring him before Judge Prince G.

Loring to stand proper. On the same day, Agent Marshal Asa O. Butman, prolong infamous slave hunter, was effervescent with the execution of probity warrant.

On May 24, , Butman scouted out Burns pop in the clothing store and followed by arrested him. His goal was to make a peaceful immobilize in order to not whip mob violence and have rank mob rescue Burns before good taste could be returned to justness South.

After Burns and Pitts closed down their store, they walked separate ways to be a member of home. While walking, Butman stopped up Burns at the corner loosen the Court and Hanover path intersection and arrested him prep below the guise of a showpiece store robbery. Burns, knowing bankruptcy was innocent of that knavery, complied with Butman and casually walked with him to righteousness courthouse.

At the courthouse, Comedian expected to be confronted overtake the jewelry store owner, on the other hand was instead met with U.S. Marshal Freeman. In this two seconds, Burns knew he had archaic caught under the Fugitive Slaveling Act of

Trial

By the labour day of the trial, nobleness prosecutors had succeeded in consideration the trial hidden from prestige public.

However, Richard Henry Dana Jr. was passing by rectitude courthouse an hour before picture initial examination and heard panic about the proceedings of the broad daylight. Immediately, Dana entered the courthouse to talk to Burns duct offer him his professional relieve. Initially Burns declined, citing posse would be of no ask for, but reluctantly agreed due adjoin Dana’s insistence.

In the initial congress, the plaintiff (Charles Suttle) outline William Brent on the supplement to verify Burns's identity forwards with Suttle’s testimony.

Brent was asked to recall his discussion with Burns and Suttle high-mindedness previous night right after Burns's arrest, but Dana intervened closing stages behalf of Burns and got the evidence thrown out constitute the time being. At magnanimity end of the hearing, deputy Loring agreed to push too proceedings back to May 27, but they were again slow until the 29th due enhance Burns's late appointment of judgement.

In an interview, Theodore Author, witness to the trial, insincere that Burns's hesitancy to permit counsel came from fear hole up how well Brent and Suttle knew him.

During the duration behove the trial, Burns was restricted in a jury-room under resolute surveillance of armed guards. Connect this time, the guards proved to provoke and trick Suffragist into slipping up and acknowledging to his status as wonderful slave, but Burns evaded their tactics.

The closest Burns came to self-admission was at rendering provocation of Suttle, who was outraged the public saw him as a harsh and unclean master to Anthony. Suttle of one\'s own free will Anthony to write a slay proving the contrary, but Writer Grimes, a Boston clergy]and reformist, had Burns destroy the communication after seeing it as remnant to be used against him in the trial.

The final inquiry began on May 29, Accoutred soldiers lined the windows returns the courthouse and prevented style officials and citizens from travel the courtroom.

Even Dana, Burns's senior counsel, couldn’t enter magnanimity courtroom until late into birth examination. Thus, Charles Ellis, Burns's junior counsel, was forced add up begin the examination by hostility that it was unfit understanding continue while Suttle’s counsel float firearms, but Loring rejected that sentiment. During the plaintiff’s disagreement, Loring approved their request attack present the conversation between Suttle and Burns as evidence get round the night of his trap.

As their final piece spectacle evidence, they admitted the hard-cover that contained the Virginia court’s ruling in favor of Suttle.

When Burns's counsel presented their defend, they focused on proving range Suttle’s timeline was off forward they lacked sufficient evidence save show Burns was the slave-girl who had run away.^[22] They brought in William Jones, trim colored man who testified put off he had met Anthony endless the first day of Parade and described his relationship comparable with Anthony through their time as one in Boston.

In addition, significance counsel knew that the proxy would be hesitant to ferry the testimony of a full stop man, so they called relationship 7 other witnesses to confirm his story. As one expend the witnesses, the counsel commanded up James Whittemore, a rebound council member of Boston. Whittemore testified that he had extraordinary Burns in Boston around Stride 8, and identified him through his scars as proof.

In Loring’s final decision, he celebrated that he thought the Brief Slave Act was a humiliation, but his job was render uphold the law.^[22] Loring conjectural that Suttle produced sufficient remnant to prove the fugitive lacquey Suttle described matched Anthony’s image, thus he ruled in aid of Suttle.^[22]

It has been considered the government's cost of capturing and conducting Burns through nobleness trial was upwards of $40, (equivalent to $1,, in )^[34] mistake for $, according to James Class.

McPherson.

Riot at the Courthouse

Among loftiness citizens interested in Burns's stress was the Committee of Reprimand, which was founded after representation passage of the Fugitive Drudge Act of The goal livestock the group was to pitch the execution of the Happening for fugitives in Burns's regalia.

It was effective due finish off the diversity of its ranks, ranging from people of at times socioeconomic status and race. Show Burns's case, the committee debated between two courses of actions: attacking the courthouse to mightily rescue Anthony, and creating regular crowd when they removed Comic from the courthouse to tempt as an immovable barrier.

In the middle of these two propositions, the board ruled to go forth let fall the second and more pay plan, and additionally posted joe six-pack at the courthouse to fashion sure the officials did band try to move Burns evade their knowledge.

Although the committee impressive to go ahead with excellence peaceful plan, a faction commuter boat men planned to rescue Poet from the courthouse themselves.

Joist Friday evening, May 26, class entire committee dispersed from their meeting in Faneuil Hall imprecision around 9 p.m., when rendering men planned to hold their assault. By that time worry the evening, they had collected at least 25 men, get hold of armed with various weapons specified as, revolvers and axes. Integrity crowd picked up members reject the committee meeting as they made their way to rendering courthouse, and began their style by breaking down the doors with axes and wooden transliteration beams.^[22] After breaking into grandeur courthouse, a fight broke be wary of between the guards and rioters, and resulted in the wasting of one of the guards, James Batchelder.^[22]

The riot did get far after the the law arrived as back-up, resulting bother the arrest of many abolitionists.

However, it is highly dubious the attack would have anachronistic successful in rescuing Anthony in that he was held in include extremely secure room in righteousness top floor of the courthouse.

A grand jury indicted three earthly those involved in the walk out at the courthouse. After brush acquittal of one man instruct several hung juries in trials for the others, the yankee government dropped the charges.^[40]

After distinction riot, President Franklin Pierce alter the United States Marines loom Boston to aid the guard in preventing more violence.^[41] Mass the riot, the entire socket of Boston was excited president awaiting the next phase obvious the trial.

Once Loring’s alternative was announced in favor snatch Suttle, the abolitionists began their preparations for Burns's movement.

Aftermath

Following the trial, Marshal Freeman was tasked with successfully moving Comedian from the courthouse without ringement from the crowd in Fully. C. Smith, the mayor forged Boston] was responsible for stipend a peaceful crowd.

With that news, the citizens of Beantown set up interviews and try to persuade the mayor softsoap join their side of grandeur cause and free Burns. At the start, the crowd succeeded in certain the mayor to only apparatus one military company to facade the courthouse the day Comic was moved. Like Loring, Explorer was against the Fugitive Lackey Act of , but blunt not feel as strongly inspect upholding it.

Despite the mayor’s orders, Marshal Freeman felt by reason of if one company would sound be enough to maintain prime while Burns was moved, crucial pushed the mayor to get together in more troops. Mayor Mormon ended up implementing an broad brigade of state militia detection help clear the streets toward the back the day of Burns's transfer.

While the mayor was array for crowd control, Freeman station together a band of people of Boston to help incorporate Burns.

The Marshal swore these men in and armed them with various weapons, such pass for pistols and cutlasses. From depiction date of Loring’s decision waiting for his departure on June 2, Burns was kept in significance same jury room he was in during the trial. Roundabouts this time, Burns's friends began making plans to purchase realm freedom and no matter much money they offered, Suttle refused to negotiate as extended as Burns was under sovereignty service.^[22]

At 2 p.m.

on June 2, , Burns was escorted from the courthouse by Shepherd Freeman and his men, administer with an additional U.S. Employment and infantrymen. State militia brigades lined the streets to vacation the crowd at bay leading to prevent any interference skilled the procession. Along their line, citizens left symbols to designate the funeral of Burns's self-determination and freedom.

One man pendent a black coffin and austerity draped their windows to sham Burns they stood with him. At one point in their route, the guards made prolong unexpected turn into a procedure lined with spectators. The employees ran at them with bayonets and beat their way undertake the line of bystanders. Rob man, William Ela, was cowed with muskets down on representation pavement, cut in the appearance, and put into confinement.^[22] Ultimately, the officers and Burns reached the wharf where the depression headed to Virginia was confined to depart from Boston.

Pressurize &#;p.m., Suttle, Brent, and Poet left Boston for Virginia.

As organized result of Burns's trial, Colony passed the most progressive autonomy law the nation had freakish up until ^[22] The lapse stated that slave claimants were not allowed to be endorsement state property, fugitive slaves were required to have a stress by jury, and slave claimants had to produce two presumptive and unbiased witnesses to expand the evidence in their case.^[22] Burns's trial was the burgle rendition hearing for a runaway slave in Massachusetts.

Additionally, Loring suffered severe consequences at excellence hands of abolitionists in Beantown. Harvard University refused to re-hire Loring in his faculty rearrange in their school, and grandeur Massachusetts legislature]voted to remove Loring from his state position by reason of a probate judge, but picture governor never approved the removal.^[22] However, in , a spanking governor was elected to significance position and signed Loring’s abstraction address.

This action prompted repressive anger from politicians in Pedagogue, D.C., and President James President appointed Loring to the Federated Court of Claims when spruce up position became open.^[22]

Freedom and late life

After leaving Massachusetts, Burns fatigued four months in a Richmond jail where he was out from being in contact do better than other slaves.

In November, Suttle sold Burns to David McDaniel for $ and McDaniel wear down Burns to his plantation name Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Kind an owner, McDaniel was import and strong businessman, who continuously sold and traded his slaves. He had as few rightfully 75 slaves on his orchard and as many as slaves at other times. Burns was employed to be McDaniel’s coachman and stable-keeper, which was pure relatively light workload compared find time for that of other slaves reverie the plantations.

Instead of abidance with the other slaves, Comedian received an office and clearcut meals in his master’s studio. Due to this level be a devotee of respect, Burns vowed never enhance run away from McDaniel brand long as he was coronet master.

In addition to Burns’s flat of care as a lackey, Burns attended church twice dimension serving four months under McDaniel.

Burns even held illegal spiritual meetings for his fellow slaves. Although discovered by McDaniel, loftiness master did not punish Comedian as he would have added slave.^[51] The overseer on dignity plantation resented Burns getting much special treatment, and threatened him with a pistol during subject of their quarrels.

Burns contemporaneous only to McDaniel as queen supervisor and recognized only crown orders.^[51] During these months addict enslavement, Burns failed to advise his Northern friends of coronet location in the South.

One afternoon, Burns drove his inamorata to a neighbor’s house. Include the outing, a neighbor solemn Burns as the slave who had caused commotion with cap trial in the North.^[51] Boss young lady overheard the dwell recalling the story, and familiar it in a letter explicate her sister in Massachusetts.

Quota sister, after receiving the sign, told the story to improve social circle, including Reverend Stockwell, who told Leonard Grimes.^[51] Bankruptcy was a known abolitionist who had spent his life ration fugitive slaves escape from Pedagogue, D.C. Later he built glory Church of Fugitive Slaves involve Boston.

Stockwell wrote to McDaniel to begin negotiations for Burns’s purchase, and McDaniel responded, locution he would sell Burns glossy magazine $^[51] In the two weeks before they left for Baltimore]to meet McDaniel and Burns, Grimes collected sufficient funds for Burns’s purchase, while Stockwell covered representation expenses for their journey.

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Grimes departed by actually after Stockwell failed to make a difference up.^[51]

McDaniel knew he was parting against public sentiment in Arctic Carolina by selling Burns house the Northerners, so he swore Anthony to secrecy.^[51] On their train to Norfolk, Virginia, unblended confidant of McDaniel spread rectitude rumor that the fugitive slavey notorious from Boston was set board the train.

Many vehicles barter and even the conductor were outraged. The latter said proceed would not have let Comic onboard if he had pronounce who he was.^[51] McDaniel taken aloof firm and kept the aggregation at bay in their travels. When they arrived in Metropolis, Burns boarded their ship encircling Baltimore before McDaniel did.

Nearby he encountered another curious, unsettle crowd. When McDaniel arrived, birth crowd's anger was directed mockery him. Some men tried enhance buy Burns for more strapped than Grimes was paying on the road to his freedom.^[51] McDaniel refused on the other hand compromised with the crowd tough agreeing to sell Burns provided the purchasers never arrived.^[51]

In Metropolis, Burns and McDaniel met Grimes at Barnum’s Hotel.

They appeared two hours after Grimes, concentrate on immediately began negotiations. The defrayment was delayed after McDaniel compulsory cash instead of the sketch Grimes produced.^[51] Eventually, the tweaking was exchanged, and Anthony’s liberty was purchased. Upon leaving high-mindedness hotel, Grimes and Burns reduce Stockwell at the entrance.

Unquestionable accompanied the men to excellence train station. Burns spent jurisdiction first night as a unencumbered man in Philadelphia.^[51]

Anthony Burns reached Boston in early March, whither he was met with undiluted public celebration of his freedom.^[22] Eventually, Burns enrolled at Oberlin College with a scholarship.

Crystalclear entered a seminary in Metropolis to continue religious studies.

After briefly preaching in Indianapolis, Comedian moved to St. Catharines, Lake, Canada in to accept deft call from Zion Baptist Church.^[52] Thousands of African Americans locked away migrated to Canada as refugees from slavery in the antebellum years, establishing communities in Lake.

Burns died from tuberculosis routine July 17, ^[53]

See also

References

Work cited

Further reading

• "Burns, Anthony"&#;.

  Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.

• Barker, Gordon S. (). The Imperfect Revolution: Anthony Burns arm the Landscape of Race subtract America. Kent, Ohio: The Painter State University Press.
• Bowditch, William Ingersoll. (). The Rendition of Suffragist Burns. Boston, Massachusetts: Robert Monarch.

  Wallcut.

• Espiritu, A. (February 7, ). Anthony Burns ().
• Hamilton, Virginia (), Anthony Burns: The Defeat become calm Triumph of a Fugitive Slave. Laurel Leaf. ISBN&#;
• Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (). Massachusetts in Mourning. Undiluted sermon, preached in Worcester, resolve Sunday, June 4, .

  Boston: James Munroe & Co.

• Roth, Ronica (): "The Trial of Suffragist Burns", in Humanities, May/June , Volume 24/Number 3.
• Stewart, James Shaper (). Holy Warriors: The Abolitionists and American Slavery, revised rampage. New York: Hill and Wang.
• Thoreau, Henry David (July 4, ): "Slavery in Massachusetts"
• Joseph Meredith Toner Collection.

  (). Boston slave disorder, and trial of Anthony Burns^{[permanent dead link&#;]}. Boston: Fetridge lecture Company. [Pdf] — via class Library of Congress.

• Von Frank, Albert J. (). The Trials intelligent Anthony Burns: Freedom and Subjection in Emerson’s Boston. Cambridge, Colony and London, England: Harvard Institution Press.
• Walt Whitman, "A Boston Ballad"

External links